The North American Migration Project

The image of North America on maps of physical geography seems unambiguous: the northern part of the double continent. However, the territory of "the Americas" provides room for a plurality of geographic regions and human spaces, of cultures and societies. In contrast, in the media and in public perception the northern half with its three states – Canada, the U.S., Mexico – is often referred to as if only one superpower, the U.S., is North America. In a less state-centered view, North America consists of five cultural-political regions: French-Canada, once extending from Nouvelle France along the St. Lawrence down the Mississippi to Nouvelle Orléans; Anglo-Canada with its many regions; the United States of America with multiple cultures; the United States of Mexico – Estados Unidos Mexicanos – also divided into many cultures; and, fifth, the highly differentiated World of the Caribbean. These regions overlap and are part of larger transcontinental and transoceanic spaces. Mexico is part of Latin America, the Caribbean connects to southern North, Central, and northern South America. The North American East Coast, Mexico, and the Caribbean are part of the Atlantic World.

Maps 1a-b, 2a-b, 3a-d
The North American-Caribbean cultural macro-region was segmented into connected and shifting regions by First Peoples; it was segmented differently by the Second People's European dynasties during the colonial period. Borders reflected cultural and economic-ecological factors; they involved regions of contact; they shifted. Trade across cultural borders required interpreters whether between First Peoples or between specific First and specific Second Peoples. Contact zones and meeting places emerged. Trade and negotiation, conflict and warfare, or symbiosis could emerge. The Europeans' concept of fixed and often arbitrary political borderlines, drawn straight across complex landscapes, stood diametrically opposed to borderlands emerging from usage. Edgar W. McInnis began his seminal and still classic Unguarded Frontier (1942): "No one who looks with any care at the map of North America is likely to feel that its political divisions explain themselves," they are "puzzling" since "nothing on the physical face of the continent explains why the division lies where it does – or, indeed, why there is a division at all." When the British-Spanish-French-American peace commissioners in 1782 selected the 49th parallel as border they intended it to extend only as far as the Mississippi. Their imagined line, however, cut though imagined landscapes: The river's source lies far south of the 49th parallel. Because of the decision-makers ignorance the line extend by default across the continent. Any of the First People's residing in the region could have told them – but who of self-ascribed superior culture would have deigned to ask someone of allegedly inferior culture? Any European-origin fur trader in the region would also have known. The gap between Red and White who lived in these spaces and the representatives of the states involved was unbridgeable.

Maps 1a and 1b show dividing lines based on empirical data of physical geography, cultural regions related to possibilities of land usage, and First People's subsistence regions. The lines follow natural contours and show adaptation of human beings to the subsistence potential of landscapes, littorals, and immediate adjoining seascapes. Map 2a changes the focus to human agency, the development of material and spiritual cultures in particular physical environments. Map 2b shifts the perspective from the First People's spaces to domains of rule claimed by Europe's empires – the dividing lines reflect exploration and claims for possession.

Map 2c and 2d reflect a dramatic change: From empirical data about physical contours, patterns of human usage, or establishment of cultural spaces and claimed realms of rule, commissioners with little geographic knowledge about the regions west of the Alleghenies but with the power to impose dividing lines onto integrated lived spaces determined the straight borderlines between political entities. In 1782 the representatives of Great Britain and the nascent United States struggled to acquire or keep as much of the territory as possible. Thereafter the new states fought among themselves for as much of the land as possible basing their claims neither on land usage nor physical contours but on colonial grants dating from a time when the British imperial government in London had little knowledge of the geography of the lands they gave to William Penn, Lord Baltimore or others. Neither British nor U.S. statesmen discussed their appropriation of the huge territories with the First Peoples who lived there, nourished themselves off the land, knew the territories, and had imbued them with meaning.

	Map 1a – Geographic-Cultural Regions of North America Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 1b - First People's subsistence regions before contact Click here to get the pdf of the map.

	Map 2a - First Peoples' linguistic regions and nations' spaces at the time of contact Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 2b - European empires' colonial spaces and settled areas in 1713 Click here to get the pdf of the map.

	Map 3a - Borders suggested by the English Crown without knowledge of geography or consultation with the settled First Nations, 1621 - 1639 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 3b - Borders suggested by the English Crown without knowledge of geography or consultation with the settled First Nations, 1662-1732 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 3c - Boundaries proposed in the Great Britain - U.S. peace negotiations of 1782 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 3d - Acquisitive lines and competition at the time of the British-U.S. Treaty of 1783 Click here to get the pdf of the map.

Maps 4, 4a
The territorial extension of states, in the mind of the respective inhabitants, seems to be fixed. However, over time political territories grow or, from competition with a more powerful neighbor, contract. The growth of the U.S. was more complex than the four-step standard view: eastern part, Louisiana purchase, Southwest, Oregon treaty. The new nation-state acquired its continental possessions slice by slice and patch by patch: Napoleonic France sold Louisiana in 1803; Spain was forced to cede Florida and other bits and pieces of land in 1819; the northern border was delineated by treaties with Britain in 1818 and 1846; Texas was annexed in 1845; and the aggression against Mexico expanded the territory in 1848, the Gadsden Purchase or tratado de Mesilla in 1853, to its present borders. (Beyond its contiguous territory, the U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867; annexed Puerto Rico in 1898 after a war against Spain; annexed the Republic of Hawaii in 1898; and bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917.) The men and women of the First Nations who had survived the unwittingly or intentionally introduced germs and U.S. exterminating wars saw their territories contract. They had to flee, were removed, and were reduced to concentrated settlements in undersupplied and underserviced reservations. The expansion of the U.S. was also a vast refugee-generating project. In Mexico, the Yaqui and Mayou suffered similar threats. Enslaved Yaqui were sold to growers in Yucatan and Cuba. Those fleeing established the settlement of Guadelupe near present-day Tempe, AZ. In Canada, Native Peoples could sign treaties but this, too, meant displacement.

	Map 4 - U.S. territorial expansion 1783 - 1853, 1867, 1898, 1917 including acquisition of the respective regions' societies and peoples Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 4a - U.S. expansion in the Caribbean Click here to get the pdf of the map.

Map 5a-b
Cultural regions did neither end at international nor at state borders. Within the U.S., in addition to the ethno-culturally mixed rural regions and urban neighborhoods, several major bi-cultural regions emerged: the Afro-European South, the Hispanic-American Texas and the transborder Southwest, the small Asian-European urban and rural settlements along the Pacific Coast, the German-Scandinavian-English-Ukrainian transborder belt from Wisconsin to Montana and Alberta, and the French Canadian-New England textile producing region. The immigrant settlement belt along the 49th parallel extended into Canada, where Ukrainians were part of the ethno-cultural mix. The slave-holding societies of the U.S. South had more in common with the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean societies (and with Brazil) than with the commercialized mid-Atlantic states, and the U.S. Southwest had more in common with the Mexican-Hispanic societies than with Protestant New England. Capital flows also did not stop at international borders. Map 5b, adapted from a major encyclopedia of U.S. history (publ. in 1996), falsifies such many-cultured coexistence (or, occasionally, conflict) by arbitrarily selecting the period of European mass migration to the U.S. for its only map in the immigration section and by turning the U.S. into an orphan nation: neither Canada nor Mexico exist on the map. The frame cuts off all transoceanic regions of origin. (Note that the dotted arrow from Mexico has been added by the editors of the Web-version – in the encyclopedia's original no migration from Mexico is indicated.)

	Map 5a - Migration to North America and bicultural regions Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 5b – Contrast: The master narrative’s view of an orphan nation filled with immigrants Click here to get the pdf of the map.

Maps 6
Map 6 provides a sequel to Map 1a: the major economic regions of the North America of Second Peoples, the Euro- and other-Americans are shown. The Map also implies change of perspectives and location of the Map in time. The original version, by Joel Garreau, suggested nine regions. A political economists and a historian-sociologist argued that 12 regions would be empirically more accurate. As to placement in time: the Map labels the Pittsburgh to Chicago region "The Great Lakes Foundry" – from the 1980s on this Section of the U.S. has been called "The Rust Belt."

Map 6: The twelve socio-economic regions of North America, a 1960s perspective Click here to get the pdf of the map.

Maps 7a-d and 8a-e
Maps 7a-d and 8a-e indicate that the lines drawn between the U.S. and British North America in the grass of the Prairies in 1846 and between the U.S. and Mexico in the sands of the Sonoran desert in 1848 and in 1853 had little local meaning. The former was negotiated between Washington and London, the latter imposed after aggression by the U.S.A. against the U.E.M – the United States of America and the Estados Unidos Mexicanos to use the official names of the two countries. The power relationship between the United States and the Estados Unidos resembled the hierarchies between Britain and Ireland or Germany and Poland. In each case the more powerful state, whether dynastic or republican, imposed dividing lines and, over time, would require many of the vanquished to migrate in search of jobs: Poles to the German Reich, Irish to England and Scotland, Mexicans to the United States. In the Caribbean, the colonizer powers had staked regions and claims to islands during the pre-state buccaneer period and, as "gunpowder empires," retained territories as possessions and people as subjects longer than on the continent.
The political borders, imposed, surveyed, and mapped by mid-19th century, divided land- and socio-scapes of the people living there arbitrarily. Where economies and environments were similar on both sides, there was no reason to disrupt agriculture, commerce, or fisheries just because far-off governments had established a nation-state division. Economic-societal delimitations created very different and changing maps of the North Americas.
Maps 7a-d: In the northern borderlands, both as spaces immediately adjacent to borders and as larger border regions, people from the Maritime Provinces migrated to Maine and New England and some new Englanders moved north to Canada. Quebec, which had received Loyalist settlers from the emerging U.S. in the 1780s and American investors in the 1920s and 30s, sent worker families into New England's textile mills and beyond: about one million from the 1840s to the 1920s, half of whom settled permanently. To the 1860s, fugitive or, better, self-liberated U.S. slaves reached Ontario. Montreal, for long the main Canadian port of arrival for European migrants, was a transit place for Italians and others moving south to New York as well as a destination for those arriving from New York via the Hudson River. English-Canadians migrated south and Americans moved to Toronto and the industrializing cities on Lake Ontario. Numerous ferries provided connections. English- and French-Canadians worked in Michigan lumbering and mining. Political allegiance was of no importance to decisions where to work and earn a living. In the Prairies, the transborder Minnesota-Manitoba settlement belt expanded regardless of the dividing line. Small entrepreneurs as well as settler families moved, worked, and owned land on both sides of the border. U.S. Americans settled in the Canadian Prairies in large numbers. On the Pacific Coast, Seattle was home to many Canadians and Vancouver to many Americans. Marcus Lee Hansen with John B. Brebner, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples (New Haven: Yale, 1940), the still important classic of the 25-volume "The Relations of Canada and the United States"-series, discusses these important movements.
Maps 8a-e show how migrants from Mexico spread across the U.S. in 1900, 1910, and 1920. Oral histories indicate that they could cross the border unimpeded – the U.S. Border Patrol was established only in 1924 und responsible for monitoring the northern and southern borders. Government officials and employers knew that their labor was important to the economic growth of the U.S. They settled in particular in the Southwestern and Texan borderlands but, working on the railroads and moving through Kansas City northward, they had created a vibrant community in Chicago by 1900. Working in Detroit automobile factories and in Michigan's Mesabi Range iron mines they would rub shoulders with migrating Canadians. The connections to their many regions-of-origin in Mexico are indicated in the money remittances in 1927 to families staying at home. Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gamio and U.S. political economist Paul Schuster Taylor studied these migrants and their families. In their books they published whole oral histories and excerpts from interviews. The works of both men are still valuable sources of information and starting points for all works regarding Mexican immigration.

	Map 7a - Canadian - born persons in the North Central States of the U.S., 1890 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 7b - Canadian - born French language persons in New York and New England, 1900 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 7c - Rural settlement along the St. Paul-Winnipeg route, 1881 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 7d - United-States-born persons in Canada's Prairie Provinces, 1911 Click here to get the pdf of the map.

	Map 8a – Geographical distribution of Mexican immigrants, 1900 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 8b – Geographical distribution of Mexican immigrants, 1910 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 8c – Geographical distribution of Mexican immigrants, 1920 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 8d – Geographical distribution of Mexican immigrants who sent remittances, 1927 Click here to get the pdf of the map.
	Map 8e – Geographical distribution of Mexican households who received remittances, 1927 Click here to get the pdf of the map.

Mexican American History (websites)

How to Teach Mexican American History

This page is an amendment to a forthcoming Article entitled “How to teach Mexican American history by use of websites. The following websites have updated links to the articles mentioned in the website

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/mexican_voices/mexican_voices.cfm

http://www.epcc.edu/nwlibrary/borderlands/24/mex%20repat.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/eng_tguide/index.html

http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/

http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/documents/TEJERINA.HTM

http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/joaq/joaqtg.html

http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/4/97.04.08.x.html

http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.html

http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf

http://pewhispanic.org/topics/index.php?TopicID=16

The following list was made by the Deer Valley school district grant. It has a very thorough list of websites

Websites for the Classroom
The Web is drawing a growing number if sites related to Mexican American History and the number of quality sites continues to grow.

Overviews and General Sites

A History of the Mexican-American People
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/
This site is an e-text version of this textbook. This popular text has been used with great success in high school and university courses. I keep this site bookmarked as a useful reference.

The Borderlands Encyclopedia
http://www.utep.edu/border/
"A Digital Educational Resource on Contemporary United States-Mexico Border Issues." Offers topic guidance to sites under the categories of culture and media, economics and business, education and training, family life and population groups, government and politics, and health and environment. The value added here is the attention to multimedia materials.

The Border
http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html
A companion to the PBS documentary. Includes an interactive timeline, a text timeline featuring important dates and events of the region, a morphing map showing how the border lines have changed throughout history, and a page of links to other sites with more information about the border.

The U.S. - Mexican War (1846-1848)
http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/
This is the online companion resource for the documentary, "The U.S.-Mexican War (1846-1848)." They note that "This web site is a thoughtful study in the way humans access, process, agree and disagree in the search for truth as it chronicles the war through multiple perspectives from both sides of the conflict. Within this site, you will find a series of conversations with and essays by historians and other experts. We also offer a timeline that illustrates war-related events and a discussion arena where we invite you to share your own viewpoints on the U.S.-Mexican War."

Video Review of Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.html
This review of the documentary Chicano! Includes video clips and images from the Chicano movement, such as a reading of Corky Gonzales' I Am Joaquin.

Defining the Southwest
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/definingsw/
“Defining the Southwest” is an eclectic, multidisciplinary site, with contributions from University faculty in Southwest literature, folklore, anthropology, archaeology, architecture and linguistics. It attempts to “gather multiple visions of what the Southwest might entail.” The site includes links to historical maps, bibliographies, digital images, and student web projects.

Mexican American Voices
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/mexican_voices/mexican_voices.cfm
This chronologically organized collection includes links to biographical and topical information on Mexican American history, along with carefully annotated primary documents. A good reference tool and place to look for brief primary documents that are useful in the classroom.

The Chicana/Chicano Experience in Arizona
http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/website/index.htm
Contains numerous images. Arranged by topic and displayed in parallel texts, in both English and Spanish.

Maps
Arizona Electronic Atlas
http://atlas.library.arizona.edu/map.html
"The Arizona Electronic Atlas is an innovative interactive atlas that allows one to create, manipulate, and download accurate and current maps and data." Users can create their own map using these map themes: Natural Resources, People and Society, Business and Economics, and People and Environment.

Maps of the Pimería: Early Cartography of the Southwest
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/pimeriamaps/
Historical Maps of the Southwest from the 16th through the 19th centuries. Will uses several maps from the collection in his class on the history of the American Southwest.

Index of Historic Maps and Aerial Views
http://www.sharlot.org/archives/maps/index.html
The focus here is on Arizona but includes maps beyond the state.

Images
The Online Archive of California
http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/search.image.html
Search for "Mexican Americans" to find over 500 digital images.

Los Angeles Public Library
http://www.lapl.org/
Search their Photo Collection for digitized images from the Library’s holdings of 2.5 million images. It is especially strong on images from the 1920s to the 1960s. This site is a great source for general images of the Chicano movement, with many images of local protests.

Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information Collection
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fahome.html
This collection of FSA-OWI photographs contains striking and useful images. Search for the term Mexican in the black-and-white photographs to find 100 images.

Today in History Archive
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/archive.html
This often overlooked page can be quite useful and often provides additional information on images from the Library of Congress. Search "Mexican American" for 365 pages and many images.

The South Texas Border, 1900-1920
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/txuhtml/runyhome.html
"The South Texas Border, 1900-1920 is a collection of over 8,000 photographs taken by Robert Runyon, many of which were sold as postcards, advertisements, portraits, and illustrations for American newspapers. These images comprise a multi-faceted documentation of the everyday lives of Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans in Southeastern Texas. They also document the agriculture of the region and U.S. military activity at the border during the early stages of the Mexican Revolution. Finally, the collection provides a unique record of the Mexican Revolution in Northeastern Mexico."

The Border: Images
http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/images/
Curiously, the archive for images from the companion site to the PBS documentary, The Border, is available, by file name only, on this page. Though lacking thumbnails, the filenames are arranged by year.

Historical Photograph Collection at the Arizona State Archives
http://photos.lib.az.us/photos.cfm
Search this online database for "Mexican" in the subject to yield dozens of local photos.

Texts and Online Archives
Arizona-Sonora Documents Online
http://content.library.arizona.edu/collections/asdo/
This site provides access to digital images of archival collections relating to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico that are located at three Arizona repositories: the University of Arizona Library Special Collections; the Arizona Historical Society-Tucson; and the Arizona State Library, Archives, and Public Records. These documents primarily date to the 19th and 20th centuries, and deal with subjects such as ranching, mining, land grants, border issues, and government. Documents are in both Spanish and English.

Southwest Electronic Text Center
http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/swetc/projects.html
This page is a great source for documents on the Southwest (primarily Arizona). Contains books and articles that have been scanned or in electronic format. Many of these texts contain great images that you may find to be a great resource. Check the Illustrations section on the e-texts for a quick guide to images.

Soza Family History: Antonio Campa Soza, 1845-1915
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/booksbyedwardsoza/azpictorialbiography/index.html
The Soza family is considered "an excellent example of the presence of Mexican-Americans in the Tucson area for several generations," and they have contributed significantly "to Tucson's cultural and economic history." The Sozas "homesteaded in the Sonoran Desert, and later turned to the city." This family history is accompanied by a rich collection of photographs.

Colorado Plateau Digital Archives Search
http://www.nau.edu/library/speccoll/
This web site, provided by the Special Collections and Archives Department of NAU's Cline Library, provides online access to a number of items in NAU's Special Collections, most notably historic photographs. This is a great resource for digital images of northern Arizona.

Southwestern Wonderland
http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/branches/spc/pams/
This exhibit, provided by the University of Arizona Library Special Collections, presents materials on the Southwestern US from their pamphlet and printed ephemera collection. Materials are grouped into 12 categories, including accessibility, advertising, agriculture, architecture, entertainment, environment, exotic, health, indigenous culture, railroads, religion, and roads. Each category section begins with a summary introduction to the collection. Useful for studying the history of Mexican Americans are the sections on advertising or on agriculture, where students might compare these images to the realities of Southwestern agriculture at the time the images were created.

Audio and Art
Hispano Music and Culture of the Northern Rio Grande: The Juan B. Rael Collection
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/rghtml/rghome.html
“Hispano Music and Culture of the Northern Rio Grande: The Juan B. Rael Collection is an online presentation of a multi-format ethnographic field collection documenting religious and secular music of Spanish-speaking residents of rural Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. In 1940, Juan Bautista Rael of Stanford University, a native of Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico, used disc recording equipment supplied by the Archive of American Folk Song (now the Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center) to document alabados (hymns), folk drama, wedding songs, and dance tunes. The recordings included in the Archive of Folk Culture collection were made in Alamosa, Manassa, and Antonito, Colorado, and in Cerro and Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico. In addition to these recordings, the collection includes manuscript materials and publications authored by Rael which provide insight into the rich musical heritage and cultural traditions of this region.”

Tejano Voices
http://libraries.uta.edu/tejanovoices/
This oral history collection contains audio, transcripts, and images collected by the University of Texas at Arlington Center for Mexican American Studies, "presenting the personal recollections of 77 Tejanos and Tejanas and their struggle against racial discrimination in post-World War II Texas."

Music of the Southwest
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/msw/index.html
Offers great description of Mexican American musical influence and includes musical clips.

The Roots of Tejano and Conjunto Music
http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/
Offers great description of Mexican American musical influence and includes musical clips.

La Cadena que no se Corta - the Unbroken Chain
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/cadena/cadena.html
University of Arizona web exhibit that highlights the visual art that is created by members of Tucson's Mexican-American community as part of normal, everyday life. Includes images and video clips.

Women
Chicana Studies
http://latino.sscnet.ucla.edu/women/womenHP.html
Contains profiles of notable Chicanas and links to Chicana/Latina web sites.

Hispanic American Women
http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-hispanic.html
Contains links to primary sources and related websites.

La Chicana: A Celabratory Essay
http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/chicana.htm
A photographic exhibit containing dozens of images. Portrays the "real-life experiences of Mexican American women in work, play, and community activities."

Soldiers
U.S. Latinos and Latinas & World War II
http://www.utexas.edu/projects/latinoarchives/index.html
Contains a large collection of images and narratives collected by the U.S. Latinos and Latinas World War II Oral History Project, Department of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin. A great place to go for images of Mexican American soldiers.

U.S. Latino Patriots: From the American Revolution to Afghanistan, An Overview
http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/17.3.pdf
Refugio I. Rochin and Lionel Fernandez created this overview for the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. The overview was designed to explore the feasibility of developing an exhibition at the Smithsonian to document the contributions of Hispanic Americans in military conflicts since the American Revolution where the U.S. has played an active role.

E-Company Marines Remembered
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/ecompany/index.html
Easy Company (E-Company), 13th Infantry Battalion, was the first Marine Corps Reserve unit from Tucson, Arizona to serve in Korea in 1950. Many members of the unit were Mexican American. The site treats the stories of E-Company as an important part of Tucson's history.

Laborers
Voices from the Dust Bowl, 1940-1941
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tshome.html
Visit this site for information on migrant workers of the depression era. Search under El Rio and Mexican to see images of and hear interviews with Mexican migrant workers.

United Farm Workers
http://www.ufw.org/
The official website. Contains images and video clips.

The Farmworker's Website
http://www.farmworkers.org/
This site offers a sympathetic look at farmworkers. Includes a section on Braceros. The site is available in English and Spanish.

The Fight in the Fields
http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/
César Chávez and the Farmworkers' Struggle, a PBS Special for Labor Day. Includes biographical information, a timeline, and several nice images in these two sections.

Si Se Puede! Cesar E. Chávez and His Legacy
http://latino.sscnet.ucla.edu/research/chavez
Includes a chronology, quotes arranged by topic, a biography, and links to other web resources.

Meet Amazing Americans: Activists and Reformers: Cesar Chavez
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/activists/chavez
This brief biography and timeline includes images from the Library of Congress and is aimed at a young audience.

Salt of the Earth
http://www.archive.org/details/salt_of_the_earth
This famous tale of a real life strike by Mexican-American miners is now available for download online here at the Prelinger Archives. You can find a guide to the movie with questions to think about and a brief clip at http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/salt.html

Mexican American Communities, Barrios, and Southwestern Architecture
Sonora, Arizona, 1907-1965
http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/sonoraAZ.htm
A photographic exhibit containing dozens of images related to this Mexican American community.

A Brief History of Hispanic Tempe
http://www.tempe.gov/tardeada/t_hist.htm
Offers a brief overview of Tempe’s Hispanic heritage. Includes a link to the Barrios Oral History Project, a compilation 10 oral history interviews. Conducted 1992-1994, each interview has a brief bio and a full-text transcript of the interviews.

Tubac through Four Centuries
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/tubac/
This history of Tubac (by Henry F. Dobyns) is available online through the University of Arizona Library's Southwest E-Text Center. This contains a detailed history from pre-Spanish times through the Mexican period and the appendices include a timeline.

Barrio Historico Tucson
http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/barr/index.html
This e-text from the Southwest Electronic Text Center has a large number of historic photographs of Tucson's barrios. A full list of illustrations can be found at http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/barr/front.1_div.4.html

Cuentos de Nuestros Padres: Stories of Our Fathers: Our Mexican American Community
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/mexamercommunity.html
This description of Hispanic Tucson includes a brief overview of the city and its Hispanic past, biographies of noted Spanish and Mexican Americans, and links to relevant websites.

Albuquerque Museum Old Town Photo Archive
http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/oldtown.html
This online exhibit provides access to some of the photos available in the Albuquerque Museum's photo archive. Photos available online show Albuquerque between 1880 and 1910.

Architecture and Urbanism in the Southwest
http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/adobe/index.html
Considers the architecture of the Southwest by paying attention to the influence of Northern Mexico and the interactions of the region's culture groups.

Political Organizations
The Web contains several sites dedicated to Mexican American political organizations or information about them, including:

The Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations.
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/PP/vep1.html

Mexican American Political Association
http://www.mapa.org/

Chicanos Por La Causa
http://www.cplc.org/

Ladies LULAC
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/LL/wel6.html

League of United Latin American Citizens
http://www.lulac.org/

National Council of La Raza
http://www.nclr.org/